How We Use : Must, Have To, and Need in English

Must and have (got) to are commands or obligations.
Must not and am/is/are not to are prohibitions (negative commands).

They are Present and Future in meaning; but future obligation can be made more precise with the form shall have to.

Past Tense :
Had (got) to is an obligation in the past.
Was/were not to is a prohibition in the past: it occurs mostly in reported speech.

To express the absence of obligation or necessity to do something (that is, the opposite of must), the form need not is used.

You must go now.
No, you needn't go just yet, you can stay a little longer.

Alternative forms are haven't go to, don't have to, don't need to.

Future is the same as the above, but we use shan't (won't) have to and shan't (won't) need to if we wish to be more precise.

Past forms are hadn't got to, didn't have to, and didn't need to.

There is usually a difference of meaning between the present tense forms must and have to in affirmative statements :

Must expresses obligation or compulsion from the speaker's viewpoint.
Have to expresses external obligation.

Compare the following pairs of situations, where these two forms are used in their natural context.

• You must go now. (I want to go to bed.)
• What a pity you have to go now. (It's time for you to catch your train.)
• We must begin before five (or we shan't finish in time for our supper).
• We have to begin before five. (That's the time arranged.)
• They must take it away. (I won't have it here any longer.)
• They have to take it away. (They've been told to do so.)
• He must stay the night. (I/We press him to do so.)
• He has to stay the night. ( He can't get back tonight.)
• He must move the furniture himself (for all I care; I shan't help him.)
• He has to move the furniture himself (poor chap; he's got no one to help him.)
• You must call me 'Sir'. (I like it that way.)
• You have to call me 'Sir'. (That's the regulation address.)
• You must change your shoes. (I won't have you in here with muddy feet.)
• You have to change your shoes. (... such is the custom on entering a mosque.)

Am/is/etc. to is used for definite commands or prohibitions. This form, or must, is used for instructions on notices or orders (have to is never used here).

• Passengers must cross the lines by the footbridge. (The railway company instructs them to.)
• Porters often have to walk across the lines. (The nature of their work compels them to.)
• All junior officers are to report to the colonel at once. (Military order)
• Soldiers have to salute their officers. (Such is the custom.)

In questions and negatives the present tense forms :

Do I have to...?	Do I need to...?
I don't have to...	I don't need to...

are mostly used for one particular occasion.

This is a preference, not a rule, and except where one of the above aspects requires emphasis, all four forms are interchangeable. For some speakers there is a difference of meaning between Need you goo shopping this afternoon? (which may sound like a protest) and Do you need to go shopping this afternoon? (a simple enquiry).

The forms of have to and need (with and without the auxiliary do) can be compared in the following examples, where the idea of one special occasion or of habit is strongly present.

• Must you get up early tomorrow morning? (Have you go to...)
• Do you have to get up early (every morning)?
• Must I show it to him now? (Have I got to...)
• Do I have to show my pass every time I go in?, or
• Do I need to show my pass every time...? (I hope it isn't necessary.)
• You needn't do it just now.
• You don't have to do it every time you see him. (You don't need to.)

Need is used wherever there is a strong element of negation or doubt, or when the speaker seeks or expects a negative answer.
Examples :

• Must she come tomorrow? (open question)
• Need she come tomorrow? (hoping for negative answer)
• Must I be present? (Do you want me?)
• I wonder if I need be present. (statement of doubt)

didn't need to : It wasn't necessary, so probably not done.
needn't have : It wasn't necessary, but done nevertheless.

Both are opposites of I had to, with the above difference of meaning.

My tea was already sweetened, so I needn't have put any sugar in.
But I did, and made it too sweet.

My tea was already sweetened, so I didn't need to put any sugar in.
I drank it as it was.

I didn't need to change my suit (=didn't have to).
So I went in the clothes I had on.

I needn't have changed my suit.
But I did! I see now that it wasn't necessary.

Negative Agreement: Either & Neither

Cara Menggunakan Either dan Neither

Ungkapan Either dan Neither digunakan dalam pernyataan negative, atau disebut juga dengan "Negative Agreement". Dalam grammar bahasa inggris, negative agreement "either" dan "neither" adalah cara mengungkapkan hal yang sama atas pernyataan sebelumnya -- semisal --- "saya juga tidak" dsb.
Contoh:

Pernyataan 1: Rudi doesn't like mango.
Pernyataan 2: I don't like mango.

Pada contoh diatas, baik pernyataan 1 maupun pernyataan 2 sama-sama tidak menyukai "mango". Dengan kata lain, pernyataan 2 mengungkapkan hal yang sama atas pernyataan sebelumnya yaitu pernyataan 1. Dengan menggunakan ungkapan either atau neither, kita dapat memperpendek ungkapan kedua dalam bentuk sbb:

Menggunakan Either -> I don't either.
Menggunakan Neither -> Neither do I (huruf "n" pada neither adalah kependekan dari "not" -> not + either)

Sehingga, bila ditulis keseluruhan:

Pernyataan 1: Rudi doesn't like mango.
Pernyataan 2: I don't either.

atau,

Pernyataan 2: Neither do I.

Note: Dari penjelasan dan contoh diatas, jelaslah sudah bahwa, ungkapan either atau neither HANYA digunakan pada konteks/kalimat/ungkapan agreement yang mengandung negative.

Struktur Penulisan Either dan Neither

Either

Gunakan "either" di belakang kata bantu (auxiliary):
Subject + Auxiliary + NOT + Either

Neither

Gunakan "neither" di depan kata bantu (auxiliary):
Neither + Auxiliary + Subject

Pengaruh Bahasa Dialektis (Lokal) terhadap Either dan Neither

Penggunaan either dan neither pada daerah lain (native speakers) yang berbeda dengan struktur bakunya (grammatikal) sering membuat kita bingung, contoh:


Nor do I
Me either
Me neither


Ketiga contoh non-baku tersebut sama maksudnya dengan: neither do I atau I don't either --- hal ini dipengaruhi oleh sosial budaya dan bahasa dialektis setempat. Bagi pembicara diluar daerah tersebut mungkin membingungkan, dan tidak demikian halnya dengan daerah itu sendiri yang biasa menggunakan ungkapan dengan pola "aneh" tersebut.

Salah satu bentuk pengaruh dialektis lainnya adalah: menggunakan semua bagian kalimat yang sama pada pernyataan sebelumnya lalu menambahkan ungkapan "either" dibelakangnya.
Contoh:

I don't like either.

Bahkan lebih lengkap lagi,
Contoh:

I don't like it either.

How We Use Some and Any In English

Some and Any digunakan ketika speaker (orang yang berbicara) tidak dapat/tidak perlu menyebutkan suatu angka/jumlah secara spesifik.

Perbandingan :

• I saw seven bird when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (It is important that you know how many bird I saw/jumlah burung yang Saya lihat sangat penting untuk diketahui)
• I saw some bird when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (I don't know exactly how many bird I saw. Or : It is not important that you know exactly how many bird I saw/Saya tidak tahu pasti berapa banyak burung yang Saya lihat, atau : jumlah burung yang Saya lah tidaklah penting)

Aturan some and any tersebut berlaku juga untuk :

• somebody/anybody,
• something/anything, etc.

Umumnya, some digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat positif :

• I got some nice presents for Christmas this year.
• This job is going to take some time.
• Look! There are some large black birds on the roof of the church.
• You have some butter on your chin.
• If you are hungry, there are some biscuits in the cupboard.
• I'm sure I'll return to Japan some day.
• There is somebody on the phone for you.
• I'd like to go somewhere hot this summer.

Umumnya, any digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan :

• I didn't get any nice presents for Christmas this year.
• I looked in the cupboard but I couldn't find any biscuits.
• I don't need any help.
• She's so rude. No wonder she doesn't have any friends.
• I don't have anything to wear to the dance.
• I'm not hungry. I don't want anything to eat.

• Do you have any brothers or sisters?
• Did you catch any fish?
• Have you seen any good films recently?
• Does anyone know the answer?
• Are you going anywhere this Christmas?

Selain itu, some juga dapat digunakan dalam kalimat offering/requesting :

• Would you like some more tea?
• Could I have some milk, please?
• Do you want something to eat?

Any digunakan dalam kalimat positif apabila suatu hal yang kita maksud tidaklah berarti/penting, seperti misalnya :

• You can come and ask for my help any time.
• Which book shall I read? - Any one. It's up to you.
• You can sit anywhere but here. This is my seat!

(Grammar) How We Use Too and Enough In English

Too. An adverb of excess; with to + infinitive and/or for + (pro)noun.

This soup is very hot; I can't drink it.
This soup is too hot (for me) to drink.

That's a lot of money; a book like that shouldn't cost so much.
That's too much money for a book like that.

*Expect the mistake :
This soup is too hot for me to drink it.

The infinitive, even of a transitive verb, has no object if this would represent the same person or thing as the subject of the main verb, be, seem, etc.

Enough. Whereas too has a negative sense, enough, also with infinitive, has positive sense.

Compare :

He is too ill to need a doctor.
= He is so ill that it's useless to send for a doctor.

He is ill enough to need a doctor.
= He is so ill that we must send for a doctor at once.

Enough comes in front of a noun and after an adjective or adverb.

Countables and Uncountables (Lists, Sets, Worksheet, and Excercise)

Nouns naming things that we cannot count (Uncountable or Mass Nouns) have no indefinite article, and usually no plural. i.e., Ink, water, wood.

Remember that only Countable (or unit) nouns take a or an.
Examples :

• A cigarette is made of a tobacco and a paper.
• A milk comes from a cow.
• We make a butter and a cheese from a milk.
• A window is made of a glass.
• A handkerchief is made of a piece of cloth.
• A grass has always grows in an English field.
• A chair is made of a wood.
• A cat has a tail.
• A man eats a meat.
• A ring is made of a gold or a silver.
• A coffee is a drink.
• A coat is made of a wool.

Uncountable Nouns and Countable Nouns in the plural, are preceded by some when 'a certain quantity, or number' is implied.

Bread is good for us. (All bread, in general)
Give me some bread. (A certain quantity)

Examples :

• A table has four legs.
• Some fruit is very good to eat.

Remember that some nouns are Countable or Uncountable according to context.

Exclamations with :

1. What a ... ! (Countables singular)
2. What ... ! (plural, and uncountables)

Examples :
What a good idea!
What fun your friend Maisie is!

A(n) is used for any one example of a countable noun. The plural of this is some. It means 'an unknown number of' the things named by the noun. We prefer to use There is (are, was, etc.) to introduce this idea instead of the simple verb to be.

There is a broken chair in the corner of the room.
There were some books on this table yesterday.
There'll be a picnic in the forest next Friday.

The Definite Article the is used whenever the noun is identified for us as 'one special, known example' (or 'certain known examples' in the plural).

A man and a boy were going along a dusty road. The man was pushing the boy along the road on a toy bicycle. The bicycle belonged to the boy's sister.

Where there can be only 'one certain' example that is meant, we normally use the. (The sun, sky, ceiling, station, etc.)

An important group of common nouns (mostly names of places) are used without an article in phrases closely associated with their special purpose or function, but with an article in a more general sense.

He went to bed (to sleep).	He went to the bed (approached it).
He's at school (learning).	We walked round the dock(s).
The ship's in (dry) dock.	We walked round the dock(s).
Put it on paper (= write it).	There's a mark on the paper.

And similarly with : prison, college, hospital, market, church, harbour (port), barracks, deck, (under) canvas, (at) sea, by train, and a few others. Compare the following :

• There's a horse in the garden. (any single horse)
• Horses are animals. (all)
• Perhaps we'll see some horses there. (a certain number)
• The horses are ready. (definite horses we know about)

"Interpret" vs "Translate" dan Grammar Bhs.Inggris

Perbedaan Antara "Interpret" vs "Translate"

Memahami bahasa inggris khususnya grammar bahasa inggris dengan menerjemahkan setiap unsur kata yang ada dalam sebuah prase, kalimat atau klausa terkadang bukan tanpa resiko. Cara menerjemahkan word by word (kata per kata) seringkali membuat bingung pembelajar bahasa inggris tingkat pemula dan tidak sedikit yang merasa frustasi dan berhenti melanjutkan pembelajarannya.

Dilain pihak, Pola penerjemahan berdasarkan konteks dengan menimbang beberapa aspek lain seperti bahasa dialektis setempat, budaya dan corak yang mewarnai masyarakatnya terkadang perlu dan penting agar makna yang terkandung dalam sebuah konteks tersebut dapat dan mudah dipahami oleh lawan bicara.

Contoh:

He is Andi.
He is a student.
He is lazy.
He is here.
He is at home.

Penggunaan kata kerja structural (structural verb) berupa "is" pada contoh diatas --- bagi beberapa orang (baik pembelajar maupun guru) --- sering diartikan (diterjemahkan) sebagai: adalah, ada, berada, dan menjadi. Alternatif arti dari /is/ tersebut digunakan berdasarkan predikat yang menyertainya.

/is/ diterjemahkan: "adalah" pada contoh kalimat seperti: He is a student (dia adalah seorang siswa).
/is/ diterjemahkan: "ada" atau "berada" pada contoh, seperti: He is (ada/berada) here, atau he is (ada/berada) at home. Dan, /is/ diterjemahkan sebagai: "menjadi" pada contoh kalimat semacam: He is lazy.

Pada saat kata /is/ digunakan pada bentuk atau pola kalimat lain, maka siswa atau pembelajar bahasa inggris pemula akan dibuat bingung karena lebih bersifat "memaksa" /is/ diterjemahkan seperti itu.

Contoh pola lain itu, yakni:

Is she a student?
They are learning English together.
The cat was drowned yesterday.

Pada ketiga pola kalimat diatas, adalah mustahil menerjemahkan /is/ sebagai: ada, adalah, berada atau menjadi. Sehingga, --- sekali lagi --- guru terpaksa memberi "arti baru" dari /is/, /are/ atau /was/ pada pola tersebut dengan:

Is = apakah
are = sedang
was = /ter-/ atau /-di/ atau lainnya.

Andaikata penggunaan /is/ atau BE pada pola kalimat bahasa inggris berjumlah jutaan pola kalimat, tak dapat dibayangkan berapa makna yang terpaksa "dipaksakan" untuk menerjemahkan BE tersebut yang pada hakikatnya sama sekali bukan merupakan solusi dalam mengarahkan siswa agar mudah memahami bahasa inggris tapi justru mempersulit dan memperbodoh siswa itu sendiri.

Contoh kasus diatas adalah salah satu penyebab masalah "keterlambatan pemahaman" siswa/i dalam belajar bahasa asing khususnya grammar bahasa inggris di Indonesia.

Hubungan antara "Interpret" dan "Translate" dengan Grammar Bahasa Inggris

Kata "interpret" dapat diterjemahkan sebagai: "menerjemahkan" dan begitu pula dengan "translate". Akan tetapi keduanya --- sebenarnya --- memiliki makna dan arah yang sama sekali jauh berbeda.
Kata /interpret/ lebih mengarah pada makna: pola menerjemahkan dengan cara menafsirkan, memperkirakan atau menduga-duga suatu kata yang paling mendekati makna aslinya dengan mempertimbangkan hal-hal lain seperti struktur kalimat, ejaan, fungsi dan kedudukannya dalam sebuah kalimat.

Dengan kata lain, kata /interpret/ bukanlah "menerjemahkan" dalam arti sebenarnya tapi lebih mengarah pada aspek "asumsi" atau "opini" untuk tujuan tertentu. Sedangkan kata /translate/ memiliki makna mutlak "menerjemahkan". Sehingga diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut:

Interpret = menduga-duga, memperkirakan atau menafsirkan (yang paling dekat dengan kebenaran).
Translate = menerjemahkan, mengalihbahasakan.

Pola Pembelajaran Grammar Bahasa Inggris

Dengan memahami penjelasan/uraian diatas, bahwa hingga saat ini --- berdasarkan observasi kami --- masih banyak ditemukan sumber belajar atau instruktur yang meng-interpret beberapa unsur kalimat sejenis BE diatas dengan memvonis bahwa itulah terjemahannya, atau dengan kata lain; /interpret/ adalah /translate/ dan menganggap bahwa keduanya sama saja. Ini seharusnya sudah tidak boleh terjadi lagi.

Berdasarkan bahasan lalu mengenai Structural Word dan Lexical Word telah pelg-grammar.blogspot.com jelaskan secara rinci bahwa, setiap kata dalam bahasa inggris mesti berbentuk structural dan lainnya lexical.

Pada salah satu contoh seperti diatas yaitu BE (is, am, are, was, were, be, been dan being) sebenarnya adalah jenis kata structural atau structural word yang tidak memiliki arti (tidak boleh atau tidak dapat di-translate/di-interpret) dalam wujud apapun. Menafsirkan (to interpret) atau menerjemahkan (to translate) BE akan menimbulkan masalah baru dalam bentuk ketidakkonsistenan bahasa dan kesalahpahaman dalam berkomunikasi bahasa inggris.

Itulah mengapa, seringkali pembelajar bahasa inggris kita sering mendapat tanggapan "New English Learners" dari orang asing khususnya dari USA dan London --- padahal di Indonesia tingkatannya sudah Intermediate ke atas --- disebabkan karena ketidakmengertian kalimat bahasa inggris yang diucapkan oleh orang Indonesia. Contoh structural bentuk lainnya, seperti; beberapa preposition dan articles.

Daftar Irregular Verb

Daftar Kata Kerja Tak-beraturan (Irregular Verb):

Berikut ini adalah daftar kata kerja tak beraturan yang secara umum digunakan dalam bahasa inggris khususnya grammar bahasa inggris. Pelg-grammar sengaja tidak membuat daftar kata kerja beraturan (regular verb) oleh karena, kata kerja beraturan mudah sekali dikenali dari suffix (akhiran) berupa: /-d/, /-ed/ atau terinfleksi menjadi /-ied/. Untuk lebih jelas, silahkan membaca kembali bahasan mengenai Kata Kerja Beraturan dan Kata Kerja Tak-beraturan di blog ini.

Infinitive/Present Verb

arise, rise
awake, wake
bear
beat
begin
bet
bid
bite
bleed
blow
break
bring
build
burn
buy
cast
catch
choose
come,become
cost
creep
cut
deal
dig
do/does
draw
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
fell
find
fly
forbid
freeze
get, forget
give, forgive
go
grow
hang
have/has
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
learn
lend
leave
let
light
lose
make
mean
meet
mistake
pay
put
read
rid
ride
run
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
shake
shed
shine
shit
shoe
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
sit
sleep
slide
slit
smelt
speak
speed
spell
spend
split
spread
stand, understand
steal
swear
sweep
swim
take, mistake
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
thrust
tread
wear
wed
wind
win
write

Past Form Verb

arose, rose
awoke, woke
bore
beat
began
bet
bid
bit
bled
blew
broke
brought
built
burnt
bought
cast
caught
chose
came,became
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
found
flew
forbad, forbade
froze
got, forgot
gave, forgave
went
grew
hang
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
learnt
lent
left
let
lit
lost
made
meant
met
mistook
paid
put
read
rid
rode
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
shoke
shed
shone
shat
shod
shot
showed
shrunk, shrank
shut
sang
set
slept
slid
slit
smelt
spoke
sped
spelt
spent
split
spread
stood, understood
stole
swore
swept
swam
took, mistook
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trode
wore
wed
wound
won
wrote

Past Participle

arisen, risen
awoken, woken
born,borne
beaten
begun
bet
bid
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brought
built
burnt
bought
cast
caught
chosen
come,become
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
done
drown
dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
found
flown
forbidden
frozen
got, forgotten
given, forgiven
gone
grown
hang
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
learnt
lent
left
let
lit
lost
made
meant
met
mistaken
paid
put
read
rid
ridden
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
shaken
shed
shone
shat
shod
shot
shown (showed)
shrunk
shut
sung
sat
slept
slid
slit
smelt
spoken
sped
spelt
spent
split
spread
stood, understood
stolen
sworn
swept
swum
taken, mistaken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden
worn
wed
wound
won
written

Bila melihat perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi, ada beberapa "kemiripan perubahan" yang nampak pada kata kerja tak beraturan tersebut yang dapat menjadi pegangan apabila ada kata kerja lain yang mirip dengannya. Kemiripan ini berupa struktur ejaan (baca: susunan huruf-huruf pada kata kerja) pada kata kerja tersebut yang membuatnya sama pada kata kerja lain yang sama ejaannya.

Contoh:

1. wind = find (perubahan terjadi pada /-ind/ menjadi /-ound/)
2. tear = bear (perubahan terjadi pada /-ear/ menjadi /-ore/ dan /-orn/) - kecuali pada: "hear"
3. sell = tell (perubahan terjadi pada /-ell/ menjadi /-old/), dan sebagainya.

Silahkan temukan kemiripan dalam hal struktur ejaan pada kata kerja yang anda temukan sebagai pedoman untuk menebak dengan tepat apabila terdapat kata kerja tak beraturan lainnya yang sama persis.

Selain itu, cukup menghafalkan saja kata kerja lain yang tanpa perubahan apapun dengan struktur ejaan yang sama.

Contoh:

rid, shut, cut, put, let, dsb yang tanpa perubahan apapun dan dikategorikan sebagai kata kerja tak beraturan atau Irregular verb.